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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Insect (Thyrinteina arnobia, Eucalyptus brown looper)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Alternative Strategy: Podisus nigrispinus and Supputius cincticeps are predators of lepidopteran defoliating insects, especially of eucalyptus brown looper Thyrinteina arnobia. Natural enemies can be promoted by reducing weed control (retaining weeds between trees) and preserving natural forests on part of the managed area (appropriate to scale of the plantation). Regulation of lepidopteran defoliators (such as Euselasia apisaon) is enhanced where fragments of natural vegetation are present, e.g. through increased predation parasitoid wasps (Murta el al 2008; Zanuncio et al 2009)
    Alternative Method: Reduction
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    Alternative Trial: No
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy
    Pest Type: Insect
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Removal of Insect (Sirex noctilio, Sirex wasp)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Australia and New Zealand, Oceania
    Countries: Australia
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    Alternative Strategy: Biological Control - Establish trap trees to attack sirex and aid the distribution of a specific nematode
    Alternative Method: Removal
    Active Ingredient:
    Alternative Trial: No
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy - Biocontrol
    Pest Type: Insect
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Insect (Spruce budworm, Gypsy moth, Nun moth, Pine beauty moth, European pine sawfly)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Northern Europe, Europe
    Countries: United Kingdom
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    Alternative Strategy: Use of pathogenic organisms, such as bacteria, fungi and viruses, both directly within spray programmes and indirectly by manipulating populations of the pathogen, can result in regulation of pest populations with little or no impact on non-target organisms. There are few examples of microbial pesticides currently approved for use in British forestry. However, the bacterial agent Bacillus thuringiensis has been used successfully against many of the most serious lepidopteran defoliators globally. Particular success has been achieved against spruce budworm in North America and against gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) and nun moth (Lymantria monacha) in western and central Europe. Viral agents offer the highest levels of specificity and are often instrumental in the natural decline of populations of forest insects, many of which are pests. The potential use of baculoviruses against pine beauty moth (Panolis flammea) is described under the specific examples section (page 31). Successful control of European pine sawfly (Neodiprion sertifer) in young pine plantations was achieved with its specific baculovirus, registered as Virox, but this effective and selective control agent is no longer available since the registration has lapsed, due to the demise of the company distributing the virus.
    Alternative Method: Reduction
    Active Ingredient:
    Alternative Trial: No
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy - Biocontrol
    Pest Type: Insect
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Replacement of Insect (Atta cephalotes, Leafcutter ant)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Alternative Strategy: Baits (wheat bran and orange juice) containing the entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae (strain M-137), or the antagonist fungus, Trichoderma viride (strain T-26) to Attamyces sp., or a combination of both entomopathogenic and antagonist fungi were applied to control A. cephalotes nests in the laboratory and field. In the laboratory, control of the ant nests treated with any fungal treatment proved 100% effective. Under field conditions, the fungal baits were compared to the chemical Pirimiphos methyl, which was applied with an air pump. The mortality of the bait-treated nests was 100% with M. anisopliae and the combined fungal treatment, and 80% mortality in the treatment with T. viride, whereas the mortality with Pirimiphos methyl was effective in 60% of the nests. Additionally, a week after application of these treatments, changes in the ants' behavior were observed, reflected mainly in the absence of foraging activity. Thus, M. anisopliae and T. viride were effective in controlling A. cephalotes nests under laboratory and field conditions, and superior to the chemical Pirimiphos methyl.
    Alternative Method: Replacement
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    Alternative Trial: No
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy
    Pest Type: Insect
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Removal of Insect (Heteronychus arator, African black beetle)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Australia and New Zealand, Oceania
    Countries: Australia
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    Alternative Strategy: Using a mesh bag around the root ball and lower stem of the seedling at planting as a barrier to grazing insects 100% control was acheived at a lower cost.
    Alternative Method: Removal
    Active Ingredient:
    Alternative Trial: No
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy
    Pest Type: Insect
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Replacement of Insect (Yellow beetle)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: South America, Latin America and the Caribbean
    Countries: Brazil
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    Alternative Strategy: A simple but highly effective method for preventing damage from yellow beetles in Brazil is to leave sprouting tree stumps in plantations (at least two months before adult beetles appear). Seedlings are planted among leftover, sprouting tree stumps. Beetles preferentially feed on sprouts ('pull plants') and are distracted from the young seedlings (Anjos & Majer 2003).21 This method gave good results in all cases where beetle density was not high enough to consume the foliage of sprouts on stumps. It is likely to be also effective with various other beetle species. A research institute in Portugal, RAIZ, has been studying this simple and highly effective alternative for several years. They found that Eucalyptus weevils (Gonipterus scutellatus) can be effectively managed by cutting several Eucalyptus trees and leaving the cut tree stumps in plantations. The Eucalyptus weevil (or snout beetle) is strongly attracted to sprouting stumps, resulting in such low infestation levels that chemical control can be omitted.22 To distract leaf-eating beetles from crop trees, 'pull hedges' can be grown from eucalyptus shoots at the edge of managed areas (between separate FMUs) and at the boundary of nursery seedbeds. Other native plants and robust eucalyptus species which leaf-eating beetles attack preferentially can be interplanted between tree lines to distract beetles from seedlings. This method has been used for a long time in Australia. E.g. by interplanting Eucalyptus grandis with the species E. dunnii, damage to E. grandis caused by Christmas beetles (Anoplognathus chloropyrus) can be minimized. The species E. dunnii is a preferred food plant of Christmas beetles and tolerates extensive defoliation for several successive years (Carne & Taylor 1978).23
    Alternative Method: Replacement
    Active Ingredient:
    Alternative Trial: Yes
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy
    Pest Type: Insect
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Insect (Ips typographus, Eight-toothed spruce bark beetle)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Northern Europe, Europe
    Countries: United Kingdom
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    Alternative Strategy: Behaviour-modifying chemicals – particularly sex attractant pheromones, bark beetle attractants and host tree volatiles – can be used both to monitor pest populations and to prevent or divert attacks.Bark beetles, especially in the genus Ips, produce attractant chemicals, derived partially from thehost tree itself, to alert other beetles to the presence of suitable host material. These chemicalshave been identified and synthesised and many are available commercially. Ips typographus, theEuropean eight-toothed spruce bark beetle, is potentially one of the most dangerous pests ofspruce in Europe and is not yet present in Britain. Pheromone traps, baited with the I. typographusattractant, have been deployed at ports and wood processing yards for a number of years and haveallowed plant health inspectors to respond to infringements of import regulations. Other possibleuses of pheromones are to disrupt successful mating through saturation of the atmosphere so thatmales are unable to locate females within the general pheromone atmosphere. Alternativetechniques, such as target technology, can be used to attract pests to a source impregnated withinsecticides or microbial agents so that the pests can be killed without broadcast sprays of insecticide.
    Alternative Method: Reduction
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    Alternative Trial: No
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy
    Pest Type: Insect
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Removal of Insect (Hylobius abietis, Large pine weevil)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Northern Europe, Europe
    Countries: Ireland
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    Alternative Strategy: Insect-killing FungusMetarhizium was not effective enough at it's current dose. More work (nematodes & fungi) runs 2010-2013
    Alternative Method: Removal
    Active Ingredient:
    Alternative Trial: Yes
    Alternative Type: Ongoing research
    Pest Type: Insect
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Removal of Insect (Hylobius abietis, Large pine weevil)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Northern Europe, Europe
    Countries: Ireland
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    Alternative Strategy: Fallowing Might be an option on upland sites where competing vegetation is not a major issue. As weevils only emerge from stumps for the first 4-5 years after felling, one obvious option would be to delay replanting until the number of emerging weevils falls below economically damaging levels.
    Alternative Method: Removal
    Active Ingredient:
    Alternative Trial: Yes
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy
    Pest Type: Insect
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Removal of Insect (Agrilus planipennis, Emerald ash borer)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Alternative Strategy: The fungus Beauveria bassiana has been found to be highly virulent against A. planipennis, and demonstrated lethal effects in greenhouse and field trials when applied on emerging adults and larvae (Liu and Bauer, 2008a). Foliar and trunk applications in the field were also able to significantly reduce populations of A. planipennis both at newly colonised ash sites and at sites with established pest populations (Liu and Bauer, 2008b).
    Alternative Method: Removal
    Active Ingredient:
    Alternative Trial: No
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy - Biocontrol
    Pest Type: Insect
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