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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Insect (Costalimeita ferruginea, Yellow beetle)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Alternative Strategy: Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) is a bacterial insecticide (biopesticide). Subspecies of B.t. control certain types of pest insect effectively. Commercial products for control of lepidopteran defoliating insects are usually based on Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies kurstaki, or Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies aizawai (Van Driesche et al 2008). Using B. thuringiensis subspecies kurstaki is a suitable method for controlling Thyrinteina arnobia if predatory and parasitic insects are to be preseserved. B.t. is equally effective as insecticides (Pereira 2007). For the integrated management of Thyrinteina, its occurrence and population densities need to be monitored. Biopesticides based on B. thuringiensis are only effective when applied to larval stages of pest insects at appropriate times. B.t. can be combined with a chemical insecticide (Zanuncio et al 1992). But if applied in time B.t. is effective on its own.A combination of Beauveria bassiana (strain GHA) and Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies tenebrionis increased mortality of Colorodo beetle larvae (Coleoptera) synergistically (Wraight & Ramos 2005), This approach of combining B.t. and Beauveria bassiana merits to be tested also on Costalimaita.
    Alternative Method: Reduction
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    Alternative Trial: No
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy - Biocontrol
    Pest Type: Insect
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Removal of Insect (Dendroctonus micans, Great spruce bark beetle)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Northern Europe, Europe
    Countries: United Kingdom
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    Alternative Strategy: Another successful example of biological control has been the rearing and release of the imported predatory beetle Rhizophagus grandis to control the great spruce bark beetle, Dendroctonus micans.
    Alternative Method: Removal
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    Alternative Trial: No
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy - Biocontrol
    Pest Type: Insect
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Insect (At establishment various insect pests can cause damage to seedlings and growing trees and require a chemcial control)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Australia and New Zealand, Oceania
    Countries: Australia
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    Alternative Strategy: There seems to be a relationship between phosphate levels in soils and insect pests whereby phosphate deficient soils often have problems with insect attack on trees whereas phospoate rich soils seem to hardly ever need treating. By factoring this into site selection or soil fertilisation stragies it seems possible to forgoe chemcial intervention for insect attack. Although the correlation noticed is 100% this has not been properly verrified with trial work.
    Alternative Method: Reduction
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    Alternative Trial: Yes
    Alternative Type: Ongoing research
    Pest Type: Insect
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Insect (Atta sexdens, Leafcutter ant)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Alternative Strategy: Extracts from the following plants were toxic to leaf-cutting ants or inhibited the symbiotic fungus: Ateleia glazioviana / Timbó, Canavalia ensiformis, Centrosem brasilianum, Citrus sinensis, Helietta puberula, Hymenaea courbaril / Jatoba, Ipomea batata, Manihot esculenta / manipueira, Myroxylon peruiferum / cabreúva, Pilocarpus grandiflorus, Piper cenocladum, Raulinoa echinata, Ricinus communis, and Sesamum indicum. E.g. manipueira is approved for ant control and is toxic to various insects (Magalhães et al 2000; Sebrae 2008). Limonexic acid, an extract from Raulinoa echinata, was highly toxic to leaf-cutting ants and reduced their life-span considerably (Biavatti et al 2005).
    Alternative Method: Reduction
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    Alternative Trial: No
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy
    Pest Type: Insect
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Removal of Insect (Hylobius abietis, Large pine weevil)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Northern Europe, Europe
    Countries: Ireland
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    Alternative Strategy: Since 2006 Coillte have been trialing a number of feeding barriers A latex type paint which, when applied to the lower 50 % of the plant, Coating the lower 60% of a plant in fine sand (grain size = 0.2 mm) embedded in an acrylate dispersion. Seedlings are treated in the nursery by a large-scale application procedure involving four steps: (i) spraying the seedlings with water; (ii) application of fixative to the lower sections of the stems, (iii) application of fine sand to the fixative; and (iv) drying of the fixative
    Alternative Method: Removal
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    Alternative Trial: Yes
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy
    Pest Type: Insect
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Replacement of Insect (Dendroctonus pseudotsugae, Douglas-fir beetle)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Alternative Strategy: Douglas-fir beetle repellent uses MCH – a naturally occurring anti-aggregation pheromone of the Douglas-fir beetle to protect living trees from attack by spruce and Douglas-fir beetles. It is also used to prevent the build-up of populations on logs, stumps, and fallen trees. MCH sends a message that the tree is full and that beetles should look elsewhere for a suitable host.Beetles and other insects communicate using pheromones. MCH replicates the beetle pheromone that tells other beetles the tree is full and that the food supply is insufficient for additional beetles. Arriving beetles receive the 'message' that they should look elsewhere for a suitable host.
    Alternative Method: Replacement
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    Alternative Trial: No
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy
    Pest Type: Insect
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Insect (Eucosma sonomana, Rhyacionia bushnelli, Western pine shoot borer, Western pine tip moth)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Northern America
    Countries: United States of America
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    Alternative Strategy: The technology involves using a miniscule (less than one ounce per acre) amount of permethrin combined with a species-specific pheromone attractant to specifically target a given insect pest.
    Alternative Method: Reduction
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    Alternative Trial: No
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy
    Pest Type: Insect
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Insect (Thecodiplosis japonensis, Pine gall midge)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Asia, Eastern Asia
    Countries: Korea, Republic of
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    Alternative Strategy: Adhesive sprays were tested for reducing populations of T. japonensis. A combination (known as C-4) of 70% castor oil, 25% damar resin and 5% carnauba wax remained sticky and toxic to gall midges for a long period. The rate of gall formation on treated trees was 32.8-59.4%, compared with 97.13% gall formation on untreated trees (Woo and Shim, 1979)
    Alternative Method: Reduction
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    Alternative Trial: Yes
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy
    Pest Type: Insect
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Insect (Atta sexdens, Leafcutter ant)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Alternative Strategy: Botanical insecticides are natural products derived from plants. Extracts of powdered sesame leaves controlled lemon leafcutter ants (Atta sexdens rubropilosa) satisfactorily after 90 days, mortality was >75% (Peres Filho & Dorval 2003).
    Alternative Method: Reduction
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    Alternative Trial: No
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy
    Pest Type: Insect
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Removal of Insect (Sirex noctilio, Sirex wasp)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Australia and New Zealand, Oceania
    Countries: Australia
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    Alternative Strategy: Biological Control - A suite of specific predatory insects, Rhyssa, Megarhyssa and Ibalia
    Alternative Method: Removal
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    Alternative Trial: No
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy - Biocontrol
    Pest Type: Insect
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