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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Insect (Eucosma sonomana, Rhyacionia bushnelli, Western pine shoot borer, Western pine tip moth)
    Author(s):
    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Northern America
    Countries: United States of America
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    Alternative Strategy: The technology involves using a miniscule (less than one ounce per acre) amount of permethrin combined with a species-specific pheromone attractant to specifically target a given insect pest.
    Alternative Method: Reduction
    Active Ingredient:
    Alternative Trial: No
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy
    Pest Type: Insect
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Removal of Fungus (Cronartium flaccidum, Scots pine blister rust)
    Author(s):
    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Northern America
    Countries: United States of America
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    Alternative Strategy: The hyperparasite Cladosporium tenuissimum is proposed by Moricca et al. (2001) as a possible means of control for stem rust. The aeciospores are directly penetrated and parasitized by the conidial fungus. Tests on two-year-old pine seedlings in the greenhouse showed that treatment with the parasite prevented new rust infections by an average of 42%.
    Alternative Method: Removal
    Active Ingredient:
    Alternative Trial: No
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy - Biocontrol
    Pest Type: Fungus
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Removal of Weed (Persicaria perfoliata, Mile a minute weed )
    Author(s):
    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Northern America
    Countries: United States of America
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    Alternative Strategy: A stem-boring weevil, Rhinoncomimus latipes was determined to be host-specific to mile-a-minute weed and its host specificity was later validated in a field test with closely related members of the Polygonaceae, in field cages, weevils were shown to delay seed production, stunt plants by causing loss of apical dominance, and cause mortality of P. perfoliata in the presence of competing vegetation
    Alternative Method: Removal
    Active Ingredient:
    Alternative Trial: No
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy
    Pest Type: Weed
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Removal of Weed (Pueraria montana, Kudzu)
    Author(s):
    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Northern America
    Countries: United States of America
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    Alternative Strategy: Boyette et al. (2001,2002) tested Myrothecium verrucaria, as a biological control agent for kudzu. The USDA-ARS biological control team showed that M. verrucaria applied at a high spore rate of 2x108 conidia/ml caused greater than 90% mortality of both young and old kudzu seedlings. They also determined that the disease severity increased with an increase in temperature to 30-40°C, suggesting that this mycoherbicide could be very active in the summer in the southern USA. The virulence of M. verrucaria against kudzu was increased in formulation with an organosilicon surfactant to cause 100% mortality of kudzu in the greenhouse and in the field 2 weeks after spraying at a rate of 2x107. As fungal activity requires the surfactant, the risk of the fungus spreading beyond the sprayed field is minimal.
    Alternative Method: Removal
    Active Ingredient:
    Alternative Trial: No
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy - Biocontrol
    Pest Type: Weed
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