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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Weed (Competing woody weeds at year 1 and browsing damage in first 6 months after planting)
    Author(s):
    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Australia and New Zealand, Oceania
    Countries: Australia
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    Alternative Strategy: Experimenting with polymer coated fertilisers that can be placed in the planting hole in direct contact with the root ball. Early indications are that this may lead to rapid initial growth and hence reduce the need for post plant weed control and browsing animal control.
    Alternative Method: Reduction
    Active Ingredient:
    Alternative Trial: Yes
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy
    Pest Type: Weed
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Pine wildlings (Competing pine wildlings)
    Author(s):
    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Australia and New Zealand, Oceania
    Countries: Australia
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    Alternative Strategy: Chopper rolling prior to planting
    Alternative Method: Reduction
    Active Ingredient:
    Alternative Trial: No
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy
    Pest Type: Pine wildlings
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Insect (Thyrinteina arnobia, Eucalyptus brown looper)
    Author(s):
    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Alternative Strategy: Podisus nigrispinus and Supputius cincticeps are predators of lepidopteran defoliating insects, especially of eucalyptus brown looper Thyrinteina arnobia. Natural enemies can be promoted by reducing weed control (retaining weeds between trees) and preserving natural forests on part of the managed area (appropriate to scale of the plantation). Regulation of lepidopteran defoliators (such as Euselasia apisaon) is enhanced where fragments of natural vegetation are present, e.g. through increased predation parasitoid wasps (Murta el al 2008; Zanuncio et al 2009)
    Alternative Method: Reduction
    Active Ingredient:
    Alternative Trial: No
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy
    Pest Type: Insect
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Replacement of Animal (Sheep, Rabbit, Rat, Browsing mammals)
    Author(s):
    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Alternative Strategy: Highly unpleasant chemicals can be used for conditioned taste aversion. E.g. cynarine, a very bitter ingredient of globe artichoke (Cynara scolymus) or artichoke thistle (wild artichoke C. cardunculus) is physiologically active and stimulates biliary secretion (Panizzi & Scarpati 1954). Extract of artichoke.leaves or a paste made from artichoke powder could have similar properties as purified cynarine. Extract or powder of bitter lupine (white lupine, Lupinus albus) might be an effective emetic. Lupine contains alkaloids that are toxic to grazing sheep, especially in autumn during the plant's seeding stage. It has a bitter taste and animals will avoid this if other food sources are present (Hartmann 1991). Trials on the aversive effect of cynarine (or possibly artichoke extract) and bitter lupine extract could clarify if either of these can be used for conditioned taste aversion, by treating the bark of vulnerable trees. A chemical that acts as an emetic in rabbits is lithium chloride (Wiggins et al 1989). Another chemical emetic is cyclophosphamide. A botanical compound with a likely taste aversive effect is red squill, which is extracted from the bulb of red squill (Urginea scilla) or white squill (U. maritima). It contains bitter glucosides and is used as a rodenticide for poisoning rats. In most animals other than rats (which cannot vomit), red squill acts as an emetic and induces vomiting (ICWDM 2005).
    Alternative Method: Replacement
    Active Ingredient:
    Alternative Trial: No
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy
    Pest Type: Animal
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Replacement of Insect (Atta cephalotes, Leafcutter ant)
    Author(s):
    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Alternative Strategy: Baits (wheat bran and orange juice) containing the entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae (strain M-137), or the antagonist fungus, Trichoderma viride (strain T-26) to Attamyces sp., or a combination of both entomopathogenic and antagonist fungi were applied to control A. cephalotes nests in the laboratory and field. In the laboratory, control of the ant nests treated with any fungal treatment proved 100% effective. Under field conditions, the fungal baits were compared to the chemical Pirimiphos methyl, which was applied with an air pump. The mortality of the bait-treated nests was 100% with M. anisopliae and the combined fungal treatment, and 80% mortality in the treatment with T. viride, whereas the mortality with Pirimiphos methyl was effective in 60% of the nests. Additionally, a week after application of these treatments, changes in the ants' behavior were observed, reflected mainly in the absence of foraging activity. Thus, M. anisopliae and T. viride were effective in controlling A. cephalotes nests under laboratory and field conditions, and superior to the chemical Pirimiphos methyl.
    Alternative Method: Replacement
    Active Ingredient:
    Alternative Trial: No
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy
    Pest Type: Insect
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Weed (Perennial herbaceous weeds, woody brush and tree species associated with Boreal Forestry use)
    Author(s):
    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Northern America
    Countries: Canada
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    Alternative Strategy: Study the effects of underplanting conifer seedlings within a commercially thinned forest without herbicide use
    Alternative Method: Reduction
    Active Ingredient:
    Alternative Trial: No
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy
    Pest Type: Weed
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  • Thumbnail Image
    Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Weed (Perennial herbaceous weeds, woody brush and tree species associated with Boreal Forestry use)
    Author(s):
    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Northern America
    Countries: Canada
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    Alternative Strategy: Study how large quick growing conifer planting stock will naturally compete with onsite vegetation without herbicides
    Alternative Method: Reduction
    Active Ingredient:
    Alternative Trial: No
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy
    Pest Type: Weed
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Weed (Weeds at second rotation)
    Author(s):
    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Australia and New Zealand, Oceania
    Countries: Australia
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    Alternative Strategy: On second rotations sites weed control begins prior to final harvesting with the aim of removing woody weeds and reducing weed seed loadings before site preparation commences. Under canopy treatment is standard practice which significantly reduces the potential for off site chemical
    Alternative Method: Reduction
    Active Ingredient:
    Alternative Trial: No
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy
    Pest Type: Weed
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Removal of Weed (Persicaria perfoliata, Mile a minute weed )
    Author(s):
    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Northern America
    Countries: United States of America
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    Alternative Strategy: A stem-boring weevil, Rhinoncomimus latipes was determined to be host-specific to mile-a-minute weed and its host specificity was later validated in a field test with closely related members of the Polygonaceae, in field cages, weevils were shown to delay seed production, stunt plants by causing loss of apical dominance, and cause mortality of P. perfoliata in the presence of competing vegetation
    Alternative Method: Removal
    Active Ingredient:
    Alternative Trial: No
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy
    Pest Type: Weed
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Replacement of Weed (Gorse, Skeleton weed, Blackberry)
    Author(s):
    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Alternative Strategy: Mycoherbicides are microbial pathogens which (ideally) control certain introduced plants selectively. Many rusts are highly host-specific, affecting only few or a single plant species. Besides the fungus Fusarium tumidum which attacks gorse, mycoherbicides include the rust Puccinia chondrillina that successfully controls skeleton weed (Davenhill 1997), the rust Phragmidium violaceum used against blackberry (Rubus) species (Julien & Griffiths 1998), and the fungus Chondrostereum purpureum which for control of stump sprouting of broad-leaved trees (Becker 2005).
    Alternative Method: Replacement
    Active Ingredient:
    Alternative Trial: Yes
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy
    Pest Type: Weed
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