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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Weed (Weeds at establishment second rotation)
    Author(s):
    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Australia and New Zealand, Oceania
    Countries: Australia
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    Alternative Strategy: Control is based upon the weeds present and the weeds likely to be present, environmental or operational restrictions, soil type and characteristics (fine sand 1st rotation sites tend to blow away with broadcast spraying resulting in top soil erosion and sand blasting of seedlings), topography, site preparation method (spot cultivation, mounding, line marking only), preferred application method (aerial or ground based) and for second year weed control sites the growth already achieved since planting. Under advice from the research section, where practical, expensive and high application rate are used low rate, lower risk and lower cost products can be substituted.
    Alternative Method: Reduction
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    Alternative Trial: No
    Alternative Type: Good management practice
    Pest Type: Weed
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Replacement of Animal (Possum, Browsing mammals)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Australia and New Zealand, Oceania
    Countries: New Zealand
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    Alternative Strategy: In New Zealand, significant progress towards a bait-delivered contraceptive vaccine for possums is expected within the near future. The system of delivery still poses some challenges and immigration of fertile animals from non-treated areas may compensate for treatment effects. Population models indicated that fertility control can be effective where population reduction does not have to be as rapid as lethal techniques, or where the objective is to maintain a population at low levels established previously with exclusion or lethal techniques. Fertility control is not likely to be useful for short-term, localized management of browsing damage, e.g. during the establishment phase
    Alternative Method: Replacement
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    Alternative Trial: No
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy
    Pest Type: Animal
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Insect (Costalimeita ferruginea, Yellow beetle)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Alternative Strategy: Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) is a bacterial insecticide (biopesticide). Subspecies of B.t. control certain types of pest insect effectively. Commercial products for control of lepidopteran defoliating insects are usually based on Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies kurstaki, or Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies aizawai (Van Driesche et al 2008). Using B. thuringiensis subspecies kurstaki is a suitable method for controlling Thyrinteina arnobia if predatory and parasitic insects are to be preseserved. B.t. is equally effective as insecticides (Pereira 2007). For the integrated management of Thyrinteina, its occurrence and population densities need to be monitored. Biopesticides based on B. thuringiensis are only effective when applied to larval stages of pest insects at appropriate times. B.t. can be combined with a chemical insecticide (Zanuncio et al 1992). But if applied in time B.t. is effective on its own.A combination of Beauveria bassiana (strain GHA) and Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies tenebrionis increased mortality of Colorodo beetle larvae (Coleoptera) synergistically (Wraight & Ramos 2005), This approach of combining B.t. and Beauveria bassiana merits to be tested also on Costalimaita.
    Alternative Method: Reduction
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    Alternative Trial: No
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy - Biocontrol
    Pest Type: Insect
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Removal of Weed (Broadacre pre-emergent weed control in eucalypt plantations)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Australia and New Zealand, Oceania
    Countries: Australia
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    Alternative Strategy: Improve timing of site preparation to reduce the need for post plant weed control and residual weed control. Plant large nutrient-loaded trees with browsing repellent applied to assist trees getting above weed height quickly.
    Alternative Method: Removal
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    Alternative Trial: No
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy
    Pest Type: Weed
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Removal of Insect (Dendroctonus micans, Great spruce bark beetle)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Northern Europe, Europe
    Countries: United Kingdom
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    Alternative Strategy: Another successful example of biological control has been the rearing and release of the imported predatory beetle Rhizophagus grandis to control the great spruce bark beetle, Dendroctonus micans.
    Alternative Method: Removal
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    Alternative Trial: No
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy - Biocontrol
    Pest Type: Insect
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Weed (Perennial herbaceous weeds, woody brush and tree species associated with Boreal Forestry use)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Northern America
    Countries: Canada
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    Alternative Strategy: Reduction of herbicide use for conifer stand establishment by minimizing harvesting site disturbance through training, equipment advances and monitoring.
    Alternative Method: Reduction
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    Alternative Trial: No
    Alternative Type: Good management practice
    Pest Type: Weed
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Removal of Animal (Sciurus carolinensis, Apodemus sylvaticus, Grey squirrel, Wood mouse)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Northern Europe, Europe
    Countries: United Kingdom
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    Alternative Strategy: Five repellents that were of low toxicity or derived from foodstuffs were investigated for their ability to deter feeding by wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus L.) and grey squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis Gmelin). In experiments in controlled conditions, when given the option of feeding on unlimited amounts of untreated wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), or wheat treated with aluminium ammonium sulphate, sulphonated fish oil, denatonium benzoate, ziram or capsaicin, all the repellents tested initially deterred feeding, although in one experiment mice showed some habituation to the repellents after 4 weeks. Capsaicin was the most effective treatment, and aluminium ammonium sulphate the least effective, possibly because it did not stick to the wheat grains. When ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) seed were treated with combinations of aluminium ammonium sulphate, sulphonated fish oil or denatonium benzoate, compared to the freely available untreated seed, mice were deterred by any treatment containing aluminium ammonium sulphate, with effectiveness again declining after 4 weeks. When a mixture of broadleaved tree species were sown on farmland, coating seed with aluminium ammonium sulphate or sulphonated fish oil had no effect on seedling emergence. Capsaicin derived from chilli peppers (Capsicum sp.) showed the greatest potential as a repellent in our work, but no repellent product containing this active ingredient is currently approved for plant protection uses in the United Kingdom. Given its relatively low cost, the use of aluminium ammonium sulphate, a non-toxic repellent based on an approved food additive, which is available formulated as a registered plant protection product in the United Kingdom, may be worth considering for direct sowings where predation pressure from mice is predicted to be particularly high, or where tree species with very palatable seed are being used, to complement other predation mitigation strategies.
    Alternative Method: Removal
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    Alternative Trial: No
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy
    Pest Type: Animal
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Insect (Atta sexdens, Leafcutter ant)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Alternative Strategy: Extracts from the following plants were toxic to leaf-cutting ants or inhibited the symbiotic fungus: Ateleia glazioviana / Timbó, Canavalia ensiformis, Centrosem brasilianum, Citrus sinensis, Helietta puberula, Hymenaea courbaril / Jatoba, Ipomea batata, Manihot esculenta / manipueira, Myroxylon peruiferum / cabreúva, Pilocarpus grandiflorus, Piper cenocladum, Raulinoa echinata, Ricinus communis, and Sesamum indicum. E.g. manipueira is approved for ant control and is toxic to various insects (Magalhães et al 2000; Sebrae 2008). Limonexic acid, an extract from Raulinoa echinata, was highly toxic to leaf-cutting ants and reduced their life-span considerably (Biavatti et al 2005).
    Alternative Method: Reduction
    Active Ingredient:
    Alternative Trial: No
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy
    Pest Type: Insect
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Reduction of Weed (Competing woody weeds at year 1)
    Author(s):
    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Regions: Australia and New Zealand, Oceania
    Countries: Australia
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    Alternative Strategy: Cultural Weed controlReduce chemical input at plantation establishment by: - Achieving rapid initial growth – reduces the time availability for weed species to become established - Good site preparation - good site preparation reduces weed growth, maximises the seedling opportunity to survive and grow, disadvantages existing weeds, and reduces the risk of poor planting technique - Planting espacement – close spacing reduces weed capacity to survive
    Alternative Method: Reduction
    Active Ingredient:
    Alternative Trial: No
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy
    Pest Type: Weed
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    Pesticides alternative strategy for Replacement of Insect (Dendroctonus pseudotsugae, Douglas-fir beetle)
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    Publication Year: 2014
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    Subject Keywords: Pesticides Chemicals
    Alternative Strategy: Douglas-fir beetle repellent uses MCH – a naturally occurring anti-aggregation pheromone of the Douglas-fir beetle to protect living trees from attack by spruce and Douglas-fir beetles. It is also used to prevent the build-up of populations on logs, stumps, and fallen trees. MCH sends a message that the tree is full and that beetles should look elsewhere for a suitable host.Beetles and other insects communicate using pheromones. MCH replicates the beetle pheromone that tells other beetles the tree is full and that the food supply is insufficient for additional beetles. Arriving beetles receive the 'message' that they should look elsewhere for a suitable host.
    Alternative Method: Replacement
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    Alternative Trial: No
    Alternative Type: Specific strategy
    Pest Type: Insect
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